directional terms in anatomy - Common Conditions directional

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directional terms in anatomy - Common Conditions directional -

directional terms are often used in anatomical studies and courses related to medical and other health. In the study of human anatomy, anatomical directional terms are often used to describe the relationship between the body parts.

Often, the terms or directional terminologies are discussed in the first chapter of most books Physiology (combined) and Anatomy. This is important because you go further in your anatomy studies, you will meet these terms most often.

If you take up physical therapy, you will see that these terminologies become a daily part of most of your physiotherapy education. Well, everyone in the medical and paramedical field will use these words often.

I'll describe the various directional terms and provide several examples. Other names are also included. Most of these directional terms can be grouped in pairs as a single term is the opposite of the other.

Anatomical directional terms

1. Anterior and posterior

Anterior

Anterior means before, in front, forward, or closer to the front. Can also be in front of another part of the body

Examples :.

• The mouth is prior to the oral cavity
• The trachea (windpipe) is earlier. cervical spine (vertebrae).
• skin of the palm is prior to the wrist bones (carpal of).
• patella is prior to the knee joint.

Some medical terms also contain the previous word

Examples :.

• anterior nerve interosseous
• anterior compartment of the thigh
• anterior pituitary
• Anterior cerebral artery

Other name:. Anterior can also be used to describe the "or to the side of the belly," called ventral

post

post is the opposite of earlier. This means back, back, backwards, or closer to the rear.

We can just exchange the above bodies and we will immediately have four examples. I did the first two , try to make the other two

Eg ..

• the oral cavity is after the mouth
• the cervical trachea is after [?

Easy, right well, here are other examples using the posterior word: ..

• posterior to the trachea is the esophagus
• the elbow joint is after the antecubital fossa

Other name :. Dorsal, which can be used to describe or to the back

2. upper and Lower

superior

means to the head or the upper part of a body structure; can mean above, immediately above or top

Examples :.

• The forehead is above the nose
• The head is above the neck ..
• the most upper femur is the femoral head.
• humerus is greater than the elbow joint.
• the core is greater than the membrane.

Other names: cranial cephalic or

Inferior

Means away from the head; can also mean below a body part or a lower part; below, immediately below or bottom

We can again use the above examples by interchanging any parts of the body
Eg ..

• the nose is less than the face ..
• neck is smaller than the head

Other examples :.

• thoracic vertebra is less than the cervical vertebra
• mouth is less than the nose
• the lower jaw (mandible) is less than the upper jaw (maxilla )

Other name: Caudal ..

the upper and lower directional terms are also used in medical terminology, such as

• superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava - two large veins that return deoxygenated blood (oxygen-poor) to your heart.
• top and oblique oblique - muscles that move the eyeball

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3. Medial and lateral

Medial

means near or toward the midline. The middle line is an imaginary line that divides the body or a body part in two equal right and left sides

Examples :.

• The ulna is the medial radius. Otherwise, we can say: "The ulna is the medial radius"
• Most medial between the two bones of the forearm ulna
• Meaning. , ulna. is closer to the midline.
• nose is medial to the right (or left, but not both) plays.
• 5th (fifth) digit is medial 4th (fourth) figures.
• Among front thigh muscles (quadriceps), wide medial is the medial.

Lateral

means far or further from the center line

Eg ..

• my ribs are outside my breastbone (sternum)
• eyes are lateral bridge of the nose.
• hip joints are lateral groin.
• radius lateral to the ulna.
• cheeks are lateral to the nose.

These terms are also used to indicate where parts or organs are oriented or located, such as

• medial cuneiform and lateral cuneiform - two of the tarsus ( ankle) bone
• medial and lateral right - two muscles that move the eyeball

Note: When using medial and lateral, we will make use of the center line as a reference , being the center line of the body or a specific organ of the body.

4. Proximal and distal

proximal

means closer to the trunk or close an attachment or closer to a reference point such as a joint.

Examples:

• The arm bone is more proximal than the bones of the forearm. ( Our reference point is the shoulder joint or trunk. )
• The wrist bones are more proximal to the elbow the bones of the fingers.
• The proximal portion of the humerus is the humeral head (the head of humerus).
• proximal to your wrist joint are your carpal (wrist) bones. ( can mean near your wrist joint ... )

Distal

Means beyond the trunk or more from an attachment

Examples or reference point :.

• wrist is more distal than the elbow. ( Our reference point is the shoulder or trunk. )
• The ankle is distal to the knee. ( Our reference point can be hip and trunk. )
• Distal to your knee joint are your leg bones.
• Distal attachment of your semimembranous (one of hamstring) is the tibial medial condyle (part of the larger leg bone).

5. ipsilateral and

Ipsilateral

denotes part of the body is on one side by relative to each other. It only means that the body parts you are talking on one side (right or left, but not both) of the body

Examples :.

• The descending colon of the large intestine and the stomach are ipsilateral.
  
  • This means that the two bodies are located on one side, the left side of the body
• right kidney and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral.
• and the right radius of the right humerus are ipsilateral.

contralateral

This means that the organs or parts of the body under discussion are on opposite sides

Eg ..

• kidneys right and left are contralateral
• eyes are contralateral to the other.
• ascending colon (on the right) and the descending colon (on the left) are contralateral.

6. Superficial and Deep

Superficial

Superficial means to closer to or on the surface of the body or body organ.

Eg ..

• the most superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis
• abdominal skin is the superficial abdominal muscles
• pericardium [outer layer of the heart wall] is superficial infarction [muscular part of the heart wall].

Deep

means away from the surface of the body or body organ.

Eg ..

• arm bone (humerus) is deep to the muscles of the upper arm
• Deep epidermis is the dermis
• deep in the abdomen skin are the abdominal muscles and the digestive organs.

There you go, the various anatomical directional terms used in the study of anatomy and physiology. Make sure to memorize and apply them daily. Soon you will be able to differentiate these directional terms with ease.

You can easily familiarize yourself with these directional terms when you are able to see them with photos and illustrations. The following can help you familiarize yourself with the things I've discussed here and more information are available so you can master human anatomy and physiology quickly and easily.

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